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Service · AI & ML training data

AI Training Data Collection Services

With a provenance manifest, because you will be asked where it came from.

AI training data collection is the assembly of web-sourced corpora for machine learning — pretraining, fine-tuning, evaluation sets and retrieval-augmented generation indexes — with per-document provenance, robots.txt and opt-out compliance, deduplication, quality filtering and a source manifest you can hand to counsel.

Anyone can hand you a terabyte of scraped text. The question that decides whether you can actually ship a model trained on it is where every document came from, whether the publisher allowed it, and whether you can prove either. That record is the deliverable.

Free pilot on your own sources, returned in 48 hours. No card, no trial clock — and you keep the sample data either way.

Per-document provenance robots.txt & opt-out respected Free pilot sample in 48 hours
corpus_manifest_2026-08-05.jsonl LIVE FEED
{"doc_id":"aw-doc-9f2b41c8", "source_domain":"example-journal.org", "url_hash":"sha256:7d1a…e4", "fetched_at":"2026-08-04T22:11:07Z", "robots_allowed":true, "robots_snapshot_id":"rb-2026-08-04-1182", "tdm_optout_present":false, "license_declared":"CC-BY-4.0", "license_basis":"page_metadata", "content_type":"article", "language":"en","lang_confidence":0.99, "token_estimate":2841, "quality_score":0.88, "near_dup_cluster":"nd-44182", "pii_flags":[],"pii_redacted":false, "boilerplate_removed_pct":37.2} {"doc_id":"aw-doc-2c88a017", "decision":"excluded", "exclusion_reason":"tdm_optout_header", "excluded_at":"2026-08-04T22:14:52Z"}
2 of 41,802,900 accepted documents · run 2026-08-05near-dup removed 31.4% · manifest schema v2.6
Our Data Powers
B2C Marketplace
amazon
D2C + Marketplace
NYKAA
D2C + Marketplace
Walmart
FMCG Marketplace
udaan
Food Delivery
Uber Eats
Quick Commerce
blinkit
Taxi Aggregator
Uber
E-Commerce
Tmall

Key facts at a glance

What it is
Managed web data collection for AI training, fine-tuning, evaluation and RAG, with provenance tracked per document
Provenance
Source domain, fetch timestamp, robots snapshot, declared licence and licence basis on every document
Compliance controls
robots.txt honoured at fetch time, TDM opt-out signals respected, exclusions logged with reasons
Deduplication
Exact and near-duplicate detection with cluster IDs retained, not silently dropped
Quality filtering
Boilerplate removal, language identification with confidence, and a tunable quality score
PII handling
Detection with flags, plus optional redaction, configured to your risk posture
Deliverable
Corpus plus a machine-readable source manifest including excluded documents and why
Who it's for
AI labs, enterprise ML teams, RAG builders, fine-tuning teams and academic researchers
Per-documentprovenance manifestincluding exclusions
31.4%near-duplicates removedtypical web corpus
Opt-outsignals honoured at fetchlogged, not assumed
Exclusionsdelivered with reasonsauditable pipeline

Key takeaways

  • What it is: Managed web data collection for AI training, fine-tuning, evaluation and RAG, with provenance tracked per document
  • Provenance: Source domain, fetch timestamp, robots snapshot, declared licence and licence basis on every document
  • Compliance controls: robots.txt honoured at fetch time, TDM opt-out signals respected, exclusions logged with reasons
  • Deduplication: Exact and near-duplicate detection with cluster IDs retained, not silently dropped
  • Quality filtering: Boilerplate removal, language identification with confidence, and a tunable quality score
  • PII handling: Detection with flags, plus optional redaction, configured to your risk posture

Last verified 5 August 2026 by the Actowiz Solutions Data Engineering team.

Definition

What is AI training data collection, and why is the manifest the actual product?

AI training data collection is the assembly of web-sourced text and structured content into corpora suitable for machine learning: large-scale pretraining sets, domain-specific fine-tuning sets, evaluation and benchmark sets, and document indexes for retrieval-augmented generation.

Volume is the easy part. The part that determines whether your model can be deployed commercially is whether you can account for the corpus — document by document.

Why provenance stopped being optional

  • Your customers will ask. Enterprise procurement for AI products now routinely asks about training data sourcing. "We used a scraped web corpus" is not an answer that survives that conversation.
  • Publishers now signal preferences explicitly. robots.txt directives for AI crawlers, text-and-data-mining opt-out headers and licence metadata are widespread. Honouring them requires capturing them at fetch time, not inferring them later.
  • Retrospective reconstruction is impossible. You cannot determine after the fact whether a site's robots.txt allowed collection on the day you fetched. If it was not recorded then, that information is gone.
  • Removal requests happen. If a publisher asks for their content to be excluded, you need to know which documents came from them — which requires a manifest, not a directory of files.

What we deliver alongside the corpus

A machine-readable manifest with one record per document: source domain, URL hash, fetch timestamp, the robots.txt snapshot in effect at fetch, whether TDM opt-out signals were present, declared licence and how we determined it, language, quality score, duplicate cluster, PII flags and token estimate.

Crucially, the manifest also records documents we excluded and why. An auditable pipeline shows its rejections. A pipeline that only shows what it kept cannot be verified by anyone, including you.

What this service is not

We are not a licensing intermediary. We do not grant you rights to publisher content, and we cannot tell you whether your intended training use is lawful in your jurisdiction — that is a question for your counsel, and the legal position is actively developing. What we provide is disciplined collection and a complete, honest record so that your counsel can reason about it with real facts.

What we collect

Six categories of AI training data work

Most engagements are domain-specific rather than general web crawl, because that is where public corpora are weakest and value is highest.

Domain text corpora

Depth in a vertical, where generic corpora are thin.

  • Industry and technical publications
  • Regulatory and standards documents
  • Product and technical documentation
  • Forum and community text where permitted
  • Long-form editorial content

Structured & tabular data

Non-prose data for grounding and tool use.

  • Product catalogues and specifications
  • Pricing and market series
  • Public registries and reference data
  • Geographic and POI datasets
  • Time-series for numerical reasoning

RAG document indexes

Retrieval corpora with the metadata retrieval needs.

  • Chunked documents with stable IDs
  • Section and heading structure preserved
  • Freshness timestamps per chunk
  • Source attribution per chunk
  • Incremental refresh and re-index

Evaluation & benchmark sets

Held-out data with contamination control.

  • Time-partitioned held-out sets
  • Contamination checks against training corpus
  • Domain-specific eval construction
  • Source diversity balancing
  • Documented sampling method

Multilingual collection

Coverage beyond English, where corpora are thinnest.

  • Language identification with confidence
  • Low-resource language sourcing
  • Script and encoding normalisation
  • Parallel and comparable text where available
  • Per-language quality thresholds

Filtering, dedup & safety

The processing that makes a corpus usable.

  • Exact and near-duplicate clustering
  • Boilerplate and navigation removal
  • Quality scoring with tunable thresholds
  • PII detection and optional redaction
  • Toxicity and content-class flagging
Service scope

What the ecommerce data scraping service includes

A managed engagement, not a tool licence. We own the pipeline and everything that breaks in it.

✓ Included in every engagement

  • Per-document provenance manifest, including excluded documents and reasons
  • robots.txt honoured at fetch with the snapshot recorded, not checked later
  • TDM opt-out signals detected and respected, with exclusions logged
  • Near-duplicate cluster IDs retained so dedup stays tunable by you
  • Quality scores delivered with a recommended threshold rather than pre-filtered
  • Source discovery, scoping and a written collection plan
  • Free pilot on your own sources before any commitment
  • Full pipeline build, hosting and proxy infrastructure
  • Schema design, validation and sampled human QA on every run
  • Ongoing maintenance when source layouts change — our cost, not yours
  • Delivery to your warehouse, bucket, SFTP or API endpoint
  • Documented methodology and compliance notes for your legal review

× Not included — stated upfront

  • Any rights or licence to publisher content — we are not a licensing intermediary
  • Legal advice on whether your training use is lawful in your jurisdiction
  • Bypassing paywalls, logins or access controls of any kind
  • Sources whose terms or signals prohibit collection for machine learning
  • Anything behind a login, paywall or credentialed session
  • Personal data beyond a documented lawful basis
  • Licensed third-party datasets we do not hold rights to
  • Guarantees about fields a source simply does not publish
Schema

Manifest fields you receive per document

The corpus is the payload; the manifest is what makes it defensible. Every engagement delivers both.

Deliverable manifest schema — v2.6 core fields (full dictionary: 70+ fields)
Field Type What it captures Refresh
doc_id / url_hash string Stable document identity and a hash of the source URL, avoiding URL storage where you prefer Every run
source_domain string Publishing domain, so per-publisher exclusion requests can be executed Every run
fetched_at timestamp Exact UTC fetch time, which anchors every compliance claim about that document Every run
robots_allowed / robots_snapshot_id boolean / string Whether robots.txt permitted collection, and a reference to the snapshot in effect Every run
tdm_optout_present boolean Whether a text-and-data-mining opt-out signal was detected at fetch Every run
license_declared / license_basis string / enum Any licence the page declared and how we determined it, rather than an assumption Every run
content_type / language / lang_confidence enum / string Document class, detected language and detection confidence Every run
token_estimate int Approximate token count, so corpus budgeting works before you process anything Every run
quality_score / boilerplate_removed_pct decimal Tunable quality score and how much navigation and boilerplate was stripped Every run
near_dup_cluster string Near-duplicate cluster ID, retained so you can adjust dedup aggressiveness yourself Every run
pii_flags / pii_redacted array / boolean Detected PII categories and whether redaction was applied Every run
decision / exclusion_reason enum / string For excluded documents, the reason — so the pipeline is auditable Every run

Excluded documents appear in the manifest with their exclusion reason. A pipeline that only reports what it kept cannot be audited, including by you, which is the opposite of what this service exists to provide.

Coverage

Source types and languages we collect across

Domain-specific collection is where we add most value. General web crawl is largely a solved commodity through public corpora.

Industry and trade publicationsTechnical documentationStandards and regulatory textsGovernment and open data portalsAcademic open access repositoriesPublic patentsProduct catalogues and specsPublic registriesOpen licence content (CC, ODbL)Public code documentationLegal and case texts where publicFinancial disclosuresHealthcare public guidanceMultilingual news where licensed or permittedLow-resource language sourcesPublic forums where terms permitReference and encyclopedic sourcesGeographic and POI reference data

We decline sources whose terms or signals prohibit collection for machine learning, and we tell you which parts of a requested scope that removes rather than quietly substituting weaker sources. Request a source we don't list →

Markets served

Countries and markets where this service is in highest demand

We deliver into 40+ countries. These are the markets where this particular service is requested most, and the reason demand concentrates there.

Highest-demand markets for this service, and why demand concentrates there
Market Why demand concentrates here
United States The largest concentration of AI labs and enterprise ML teams, and the market where training data provenance questions arrive earliest in procurement.
United Kingdom & European Union Text-and-data-mining rules and active regulatory attention make documented opt-out compliance a purchase requirement rather than a preference.
India & Singapore Fast-growing enterprise AI development with heavy demand for domain and multilingual corpora that public datasets cover poorly.
Japan & South Korea Strong AI investment with acute need for high-quality non-English corpora, where web text is comparatively thin.

North America

United StatesCanadaMexico

United Kingdom & Ireland

United KingdomIreland

Western Europe

GermanyFranceNetherlandsBelgiumSpainItalySwitzerlandAustria

Nordics

SwedenNorwayDenmarkFinland

Middle East

United Arab EmiratesSaudi ArabiaQatarKuwaitIsrael

Asia Pacific

SingaporeAustraliaNew ZealandJapanSouth KoreaMalaysiaIndonesiaThailandVietnamPhilippines

South Asia

IndiaBangladeshSri LankaPakistan

LATAM

BrazilArgentinaChileColombia

Africa

South AfricaNigeriaKenyaEgypt

We run production collection across 40+ countries. Coverage depth varies by market and by source, so we confirm what is actually available for your specific markets during scoping rather than claiming uniform global coverage. Ask about a market we don't list →

Who buys this data

Which teams buy AI training data collection

Enterprise ML teams and RAG builders dominate; frontier-scale pretraining collection is a smaller but growing share.

Head of ML / Applied AI

Enterprise ML teams
The problem

Fine-tuning needs domain depth that public corpora do not contain, and your legal team will not approve an unaccounted corpus.

What we deliver

Domain-specific corpora with per-document provenance, opt-out compliance and a manifest your counsel can review before training starts.

Metric that moves

Model quality on domain evals

RAG / Platform Engineer

AI product teams
The problem

Retrieval quality depends on chunking, freshness and source attribution, and maintaining crawlers is not your product.

What we deliver

Chunked, attributed document indexes with freshness timestamps and incremental refresh, delivered to your vector store pipeline.

Metric that moves

Retrieval precision

Data Governance / Legal Lead

AI-building companies
The problem

You cannot approve a training corpus whose sourcing cannot be described document by document.

What we deliver

A machine-readable manifest with robots snapshots, opt-out signals, licence basis and full exclusion logs, plus a written methodology document.

Metric that moves

Approval time to train

Research Lead

AI labs
The problem

Pretraining and evaluation corpora need scale plus documented sampling and contamination control.

What we deliver

Large-scale collection with deduplication clusters retained, time-partitioned held-out sets and documented sampling methodology.

Metric that moves

Benchmark integrity

Data Engineering Lead

Enterprise AI platforms
The problem

Corpus pipelines are fragile, and quality filtering plus dedup at scale is not a side project.

What we deliver

A maintained pipeline delivering filtered, deduplicated, manifested corpora on a schedule, with quality thresholds you control.

Metric that moves

Engineering hours reclaimed

Academic Researcher

Universities and institutes
The problem

Reproducible research requires a documented corpus and a sampling method others can inspect.

What we deliver

Documented corpora with full manifests and reproducible sampling, plus honest reporting of what was excluded and why.

Metric that moves

Reproducibility

Use cases

How AI training data collection gets used

Four patterns, with the outcome each is judged on.

Domain fine-tuning corpora with legal sign-off

A vertical corpus is assembled from sources vetted for their collection signals, with per-document provenance, licence basis and opt-out status recorded, and exclusions logged. Legal review happens against the manifest before any training run begins.

Outcome: Fine-tuning proceeding with documented sourcing rather than stalling in legal review.

RAG indexes with attribution and freshness

Documents are chunked with stable IDs, heading structure preserved and source attribution retained per chunk, then refreshed incrementally so the index does not drift stale.

Outcome: Retrieval answers that cite a real source and reflect current content rather than a one-off crawl.

Deduplication and quality control on an existing corpus

An existing corpus is processed for exact and near-duplicate clustering, boilerplate removal and quality scoring, with cluster IDs retained so dedup aggressiveness stays tunable.

Outcome: Training compute spent on distinct content rather than on the roughly 30% that was duplicated.

Evaluation sets with contamination control

Held-out sets are constructed with time partitioning and checked for overlap against the training corpus, with the sampling method documented.

Outcome: Benchmark results that are not quietly inflated by training-set contamination.

Engagement examples

Two engagements, anonymised

Clients rarely permit naming. These are real engagement shapes with identifying detail removed, so you can judge whether the work resembles your situation.

Enterprise ML team · EU

Legal would not approve training on a corpus nobody could account for

Situation

The team had assembled a domain corpus quickly for fine-tuning, but could not describe where individual documents came from or whether publishers had signalled objections.

What we ran

Rebuild with per-document provenance, robots.txt snapshots recorded at fetch, TDM opt-out detection and a full exclusion log delivered as a manifest.

Result

Legal review completed against the manifest and training proceeded, having previously been blocked.

AI product company · US

A promising model could not clear enterprise procurement diligence

Situation

Prospective enterprise customers asked how training data was sourced, and the answer was a scraped corpus with no records, which stalled several deals.

What we ran

Corpus reconstruction on vetted sources with provenance captured at fetch and a machine-readable manifest including every exclusion and its reason.

Result

Sourcing questions in procurement became answerable with documents rather than assurances.

Examples are anonymised at client request. Named references are available on request under NDA. See published case studies →

The 48-hour sample — run on your sources, not ours

Before you commit to anything, we run this service against your own sources and send you the output. If the coverage isn't there, the sample will show you that too — which is the point. We would rather lose the deal at the pilot than at month three.

  • Real extraction from your actual sources
  • Returned inside two business days
  • Coverage and QA note included
  • You keep the data either way
  • No card, no trial clock
  • Named engineer on the call
Get my free sample Book a 20-min scoping call Reply within one business day. Reference calls available under NDA.
How we engage

Three ways to engage us for this work

Same collection pipeline and same QA underneath. The difference is who holds the schedule and how the data reaches you.

Managed service (most common)

We own the collection, the QA and the delivery. You receive clean data on a schedule and never touch a scraper.

  • Dedicated engineer assigned to your account
  • Site changes fixed by us, not reported to you
  • Scheduled delivery to your warehouse or S3
  • Named contact on Slack or email

Best fit: Teams who need the data, not the infrastructure.

API access

The same collection pipeline exposed as an authenticated REST endpoint your systems query directly.

  • On-demand and scheduled endpoints
  • Rate limits agreed to your load profile
  • Sandbox keys for integration testing
  • Versioned schema with deprecation notice

Best fit: Product and engineering teams building on live data.

One-time or project extraction

A defined pull for a specific question — market sizing, diligence, a pitch, a one-off audit.

  • Fixed scope agreed in writing upfront
  • Single delivery with full QA report
  • Methodology documented for your records
  • Converts to managed if you want continuity

Best fit: Research, strategy and diligence work with a deadline.

Pricing

Every engagement is quoted individually, because the honest answer depends on your scope: how many sources, how many records, how often, and how the data reaches you. We scope it with you, run a free pilot on your own sources, and then quote a fixed monthly figure — no per-request metering and no overage billing when volumes move. Request a quote and you will have a number after one call.

Build vs buy

Should you build corpus collection in-house or hire it as a service?

The provenance and compliance layer is what teams underestimate, and it cannot be added retrospectively.

In-house build vs self-serve tool vs Actowiz managed service
Consideration In-house scraping team Generic proxy / DIY tool Actowiz managed feed
Time to first usable data 6–12 weeks of engineering before anything is trustworthy Days, but output needs manual cleanup before use Free pilot in 48 hours, production in 5–10 business days
Who fixes it when a source changes Your engineers, at the cost of their roadmap You do — tools report failures, they don't resolve them We do, same business day, inside the retainer
Data quality assurance Whatever your team has time to build None beyond HTTP success Schema validation plus sampled human QA on every run
Compliance documentation Rarely produced, then requested urgently by legal Not provided; terms risk sits with you Sources, method and lawful basis documented for review
Accountability Distributed across a team with other priorities A support ticket queue A named engineer and an account owner
True annual cost Engineer salaries, proxies, hosting, ongoing maintenance Low licence fee plus significant hidden analyst time One fixed monthly retainer, quoted after scoping

Why provenance cannot be reconstructed after the fact

This is the single most important operational point about training data, and it is the one teams discover too late: the compliance record must be created at fetch time or it does not exist.

What is unrecoverable

  • The robots.txt in effect on the day you fetched. Sites change these. Checking today tells you today's position, not the position when the document entered your corpus.
  • Opt-out signals present at fetch. A publisher who added a TDM opt-out last month may have had none when you crawled — or the reverse. Only a fetch-time record distinguishes these.
  • What the page declared about licensing. Pages get edited. The licence metadata present at fetch is evidence; the licence today is a different fact.
  • Which documents came from a given publisher. Without a manifest, honouring a removal request means guessing or reprocessing everything.

Why this becomes a commercial problem

The pattern we see repeatedly: a team collects a corpus quickly, trains a promising model, then hits enterprise procurement or an investor diligence process that asks how the training data was sourced. There is no answer, because the record was never created. The options at that point are retraining on an accounted corpus or shipping something the buyer will not sign off.

Recording provenance at fetch time costs very little. Recreating it costs a retraining cycle. We build the manifest as a first-class output rather than as documentation, which is why exclusions appear in it too.

What we still cannot tell you

Whether your specific training use is lawful in your jurisdiction. That question is genuinely unsettled and actively litigated in several places, and any vendor giving you a confident answer is overreaching. We give your counsel accurate facts to reason from. The legal judgement stays with them.

Deduplication, quality filtering, and why we keep the cluster IDs

Roughly a third of a naively collected web corpus is duplicate or near-duplicate content. Training on it wastes compute and, in some regimes, actively degrades the model through memorisation of repeated text.

The layers of duplication

  • Exact duplicates. The same document at multiple URLs. Straightforward to detect by hash.
  • Near-duplicates. Syndicated articles, boilerplate-heavy pages differing only in navigation, and templated content. This is the bulk of it and requires similarity clustering.
  • Partial overlap. Documents sharing substantial passages, such as quoted press releases. Whether to remove these depends on your objective.
  • Boilerplate within documents. Navigation, cookie notices and footers, which can be a third of the raw text on a typical page.

Why we retain cluster IDs instead of just deleting

Dedup aggressiveness is a modelling decision, not a data-cleaning one. A team building a general model usually wants aggressive removal. A team studying syndication patterns needs the duplicates. A team fine-tuning on a small domain may want one representative per cluster but chosen by quality rather than by first-seen.

So we cluster and label rather than silently dropping. You receive the corpus with near_dup_cluster on every document and can collapse clusters however your objective requires — without recollecting anything. Quality scores work the same way: we deliver the score and a recommended threshold rather than pre-filtering to our own judgement of what is good enough.

Boilerplate removal is the exception, applied by default, with boilerplate_removed_pct recorded so you can see how aggressive it was per document. For teams also collecting structured market data, this pairs with our news data and ecommerce services, which share the same deduplication engine.

How it works

How an AI training data engagement goes live in 5 to 10 business days

Source scope is vetted for collection signals first, and we tell you what the vetting removes before you commit.

Scope the sources and fields

You send us target sites, regions, SKUs or keywords. We return a field-level schema proposal, coverage estimate and refresh recommendation — usually within two working days.

Pilot sample, free

We extract a real sample from your actual targets so you can inspect field fill rates, edge cases and match quality before any commitment.

Production build and QA harness

Our engineers build extractors, then wire validation rules: type checks, range checks, duplicate detection and golden-record comparison against a manually verified subset.

Scheduled delivery into your stack

Feeds run at your chosen cadence and land in the warehouse or bucket you already use. Schema changes are versioned and announced before they ship.

Ongoing monitoring and SLA support

We watch coverage drift, fill rates and source changes daily. A named engineer owns your account, and layout breaks are fixed by us — not queued for you.

Formats & destinations

JSON, JSONL, CSV, Parquet or XLSX, delivered to Amazon S3, Google Cloud Storage, Azure Blob, SFTP, Snowflake, BigQuery, Databricks or a REST/GraphQL endpoint. Webhooks fire on completion, and every batch ships with a manifest containing row counts, schema version and QA results so your pipeline can fail loudly instead of silently ingesting a bad file. Corpora are commonly delivered as JSONL or Parquet shards with a separate manifest file, sized for your training pipeline.

Compliance & data ethics

We honour robots.txt at fetch time and record the snapshot in effect, respect text-and-data-mining opt-out signals, and log every exclusion with its reason. We do not bypass paywalls, logins or access controls. We are not a licensing intermediary and grant no rights to publisher content; the manifest exists so your counsel can assess your intended use with accurate facts.

Service commitments

What we commit to, in writing

These are contractual, not marketing copy. They appear in the engagement document.

Service level commitments written into every managed engagement
Commitment What we hold ourselves to
Pilot turnaround A real sample from your own sources within 48 hours of scoping, at no cost.
Go-live Production collection running within 5–10 business days of sign-off.
Delivery punctuality 99.5% on-schedule delivery, measured monthly and reported to you.
Breakage response Source layout changes triaged same business day; critical sources inside 4 hours.
Data quality Schema validation on every run plus sampled human QA before any delivery leaves us.
Escalation A named engineer and an account owner, not a shared ticket queue.
Change requests Field additions and source changes handled inside the retainer, not re-quoted.
Exit Your historical data exported in full on request. No lock-in, no export fee.

Why teams pick Actowiz for this work

  • Engineers, not a dashboard. You get people who fix breakages, not a self-serve tool you maintain yourself.
  • We tell you what we can't do. Scope limits and coverage gaps are stated before you sign, not discovered in month three.
  • QA is part of the service. Schema validation and sampled human review run before delivery, every run.
  • Compliance is documented. Sources, method and lawful basis written down so your legal team can review them.
  • Fixed monthly cost. No per-request metering, no surprise overage on a month when a competitor adds SKUs.
  • Six years, 40+ countries. Long-running production pipelines across retail, travel, mobility and finance.
Definitions

Terms used on this page

Plain definitions of the terms used on this page, so procurement and legal reviewers are working from the same vocabulary as your data team.

Provenance manifest
A per-document record of where content came from and under what conditions it was collected — fetch time, robots.txt snapshot, opt-out signals, declared licence. It cannot be reconstructed after collection, which is why it must be captured at fetch.
TDM opt-out
A text-and-data-mining opt-out signal by which a publisher indicates content should not be used for machine learning. Honouring it requires detecting it at fetch time and logging the exclusion.
Near-duplicate cluster
A group of documents that are substantially similar without being identical, typically syndicated or templated content. Around 31% of a raw web corpus falls into such clusters.
Contamination
Overlap between an evaluation set and the training corpus, which inflates benchmark results. Detectable only against corpora you can actually inspect.
FAQ

AI training data collection: frequently asked questions

What ML, platform and governance teams ask during evaluation.

No, and any vendor who says yes is overreaching. The legal position on training on web content is genuinely unsettled and actively litigated in several jurisdictions, and it depends on where you are, what you collect and what you build.

What we can do is give your counsel accurate facts to reason from: per-document provenance, the robots.txt snapshot in effect at fetch, opt-out signals detected, declared licence and how we determined it, and a complete log of what we excluded and why. That is the difference between a legal question your counsel can answer and one they cannot.

Yes, at fetch time, and we record the robots.txt snapshot in effect so the claim is verifiable rather than asserted. Text-and-data-mining opt-out signals are detected and honoured, and documents excluded for that reason appear in the manifest with exclusion_reason.

This does reduce coverage on some sources, and we tell you which parts of a requested scope it removes during scoping. A vendor whose coverage is unaffected by opt-out signals is probably not checking for them.

Because it cannot be reconstructed. The robots.txt in effect on the day you fetched, the opt-out signals present then, and the licence the page declared at that moment are all facts about a past state. Checking today tells you today's position, not the position when the document entered your corpus.

The pattern we see repeatedly: a team collects fast, trains a good model, then enterprise procurement asks how the data was sourced and there is no answer. The remedy at that point is retraining on an accounted corpus, which costs vastly more than recording the manifest would have.

Around 31% in our typical runs, counting exact and near-duplicates but before considering partial overlap. Boilerplate within documents — navigation, cookie notices, footers — can be another third of raw text on a typical page.

We cluster near-duplicates and retain near_dup_cluster on every document rather than silently deleting, because dedup aggressiveness is a modelling decision. You collapse clusters however your objective requires without recollecting anything.

Detection with category flags as standard, and optional redaction configured to your risk posture. Common categories — names in certain contexts, email addresses, phone numbers, identifiers — are flagged with pii_flags, and pii_redacted records whether redaction was applied.

We do not claim detection is exhaustive, because no detector is. What we provide is a documented method, a measured recall figure per category on your own sample during the pilot, and the flags so your own downstream controls have something to work with.

Yes, and it is a growing share of this work. RAG needs different treatment: chunking with stable IDs, heading and section structure preserved, per-chunk source attribution for citation, freshness timestamps, and incremental refresh so the index does not drift stale.

The compliance requirements are the same — arguably more visible, since a RAG system cites its sources to end users. A citation pointing at content the publisher asked not to be used is a problem your users can see.

Yes. Held-out sets are constructed with time partitioning where the domain allows, and we check overlap against the training corpus using the same near-duplicate clustering, reporting contamination rates rather than asserting cleanliness.

The honest limitation: we can check against corpora we can see. If your model was pretrained on a public corpus we do not hold, we cannot verify overlap with it. We say which corpora the contamination check covered rather than implying a general guarantee.

Language identification with a confidence score runs on every document, and per-language quality thresholds are configurable, since a threshold tuned for English performs badly on morphologically rich or low-resource languages.

For genuinely low-resource languages, honest expectation setting matters: the web simply contains less text, and much of what exists is machine-translated. We flag suspected machine translation where detectable, because training on it degrades quality in ways that are hard to diagnose later.

We quote individually. The drivers are corpus scale, how many sources need individual vetting, processing depth — dedup, quality filtering, PII handling — and whether you need ongoing refresh or a one-time build.

Domain-specific corpora with careful source vetting cost more per token than bulk collection, and that is where the value is: general web crawl is largely a commodity through public corpora. One scoping call, a free pilot corpus with full manifest within 48 hours, then a fixed quote — monthly for ongoing refresh, project-based for one-time builds. Request a quote.

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